Question: Ask The Nuwaupians, Was Dr. York Teaching Right Or Wrong Knowledge About Nibiru?
Answer: Simply put, York was 98% wrong, and after reading this, you'll see why.
The overall intent of this article is to educate and deliver to you the reader some sense of clarity, context and sanity on how the ancient Mesopotamians viewed a celestial object known in their records by different names, those most noteworthy were in Sumerian, SAG.ME.GAR, and in the Akkadian language, NIBIRU. Many of the claims made by certain individuals who have purposely distorted the records of the ancients by way of various publications e.g. the Earth Chronicles and Right Knowledge series. Whether intentional or accidental, the misinformation presented by misinformed writers, has done the great damage as it pertains to knowledge about Nibiru.
Throughout this article, you'll see terms in Sumerian and Akkadian. What the reader must understand is, the earliest writings to appear in southern Mesopotamian, near the end of the fourth millennium; the language for which this first writing was invented was Sumerian, which was not genetically related to the Semitic languages. Speakers of Sumerian and speakers of Akkadian coexisted in southern Babylonia for centuries, and the two languages naturally had a significant impact on each other. Thus, many features of Akkadian grammar, from its phonology to its syntax, reflect Sumerian influence, therefore many Akkadian words are loan words from Sumerian. Cuneiform (wedge shape writing) uses two systems, syllabograms (each sign a syllable) and ideograms (each sign a word); the two stems often are used together, but generally spreading, Sumerian is written with ideograms, and Akkadian with syllabograms.
It's also beneficial to have some idea of the timeline of events; periods that changes took place with regards to the civilizations around the fertile crescent area.
The Sumerian period 3500–2300 BC The Akkadian period (Sargon I, 2275–2219) 2275–2094 Neo-Sumerian period (Sumerian renaissance, 2094–1939) 2094–1750 Old Babylonian (Hammurabi 1728–1686)/ Old Assyrian period 1850–1531 Middle Babylonian / Middle Assyrian period 1531–1000 Neo-Babylonian / Neo-Assyrian period (Assurbanipal 668–631) 1000–626 Late Babylonian period (Nebuchadnezzar II 604–562) 626–539 Persian period (Achaemenides) 539–331 Macedonian period (Alexander the Great 331–323) 331–150 Parthian period 150 BC – 226 AD
The ancient Mesopotamians used cosmogony and cosmology to explain certain realities in their societies; In other words, the deities were imagined in order that they might explain the physical universe that was experienced, and perhaps, reflecting the order in which they prioritized aspects of that physical universe. While some Assyriologists caution against the assumption that the cosmological world-view which emerges from Babylonian mythology and literature, can be equally applied to celestial divination, others point to texts containing astronomical, astrological and religious information, suggesting that the disciplines of astronomy and astrology were but part of the overall religious system.
The ancient Mesopotamian understandings of the universe remained constant over 2,500 years or so from the earliest evidence for cosmography in literary materials through the end of cuneiform writing. Throughout this time, the extant texts demonstrate that Sumerians and Akkadians understood the universe as consisting of superimposed levels separated by open space. From the above, to below, the levels were: a region of heaven above the sky where the gods of heaven dwelled, the starry sky, the Earth's surface, the subterranean waters of Apsu, and finally the underworld of the dead.
Today, the popularity of Nibiru in western thought, comes by way of a trained Economist and Political scientist turned author by the name of Zecharia Sitchin with the release of his first book in 1976 called the 12th Planet. It was promoted as a book alleged to explain human origins by way of the Ancient Astronaut theory, conflated with various biblical creation narratives.
Subsequent to that, Sitchin released additional science fiction publications based on his interpretations, rather than utilizing actual primary sources from Mesopotamian literature. Not to be out done by Sitchin, in the 1990's, the self professed Afro-Extraterrestrial Malachi York (circa 1992) released his own series of small publications similar to Sitchin's which were in part, plagiarized works of Sitchin but with a twist, York included himself as part of the pantheon of Sumerian gods known as the Anunnaqi.
Dinger a nun na ki
The following are but a handful of the claims "Dr. York" has made with regards to HIS relationship as part of Sumerian mythology.
"...Marduk in Babylonian and Murdoq in ancient Sumerian, Amunnubi Rooakhptah or Ra-Atum in Al Kham (Egypt) who came in the great planet-ship NIBIRU; which is a self-sustained, self-supporting craft. I am one of the teachers. I was not chosen but am a seeded entity implanted here to try to raise your consciousness; So that when the mother ship or crystal city that comes from NIBIRU when it returns, you'll will be ready..."
-Malachi York: Is God an Extra-Terra-Astral? pg. 111
"I, as Yaanuwn the Rizqiyian, I as Djahu-twy the Nadjarian, I as Nin.Gish.Zidda the Anunnaqian or what you call an 'Alien/Extraterrestrial' extra-terra-astral of or beyond the 'Stars' is not to say not from a star system, it means as an etherian or physical being, I lived in other star systems so in actual fact, I who dwell inside this 'body' often by religions called an Angelic messenger, emissary 'Yaanuwn' from the 8th planet called Rizq mentioned in the Islamic book Quraan 8:4..."
-Malachi York: Actual Fact The Proof By Way Of Paa Nabab Yaanuwn pg. 153
"...I Yaanuwn, am an Anunnaqi or what you would call an Extra-terrestrial; look at this, Extra - meaning in addition to; Terra - of the earth; Astral - of or from the stars. I am what you would call and Angelic being, an Eloheem from the 8th planet called Rizq..."
-Malachi York: Man From Planet Rizq pg. 23
"...I come from a star fleet of people that are scientists, and astrologers; they are the ones who keep the Akashe, Akastic Records..."
Is God An Extraterrestrial pg. 111
"I came from the planet Rizq by way of Nibiru, you call it Jannat. Our solar system is within the 19th galaxy on this side of the first warp called a black hole...the planet that I come from each being lives to be 1000 years old"
-Malachi York: The Holy Tablets pg. 1640-164
"...In your beginning, this 'Big Bang' was twenty four billion years ago when Nibiru, a craft under the control of the Neteru Anunnagi collided into the planet Tamtu or Tanen called Tiamat and Qi, and caused a 'Big Bang'."
-Malachi York: The Black Book pg.112
As you've seen, York conflates Sumerian myths with himself, even taking on the names and characters from those myths. It should be made abundantly clear that York had little to no insight on the history, language and culture of the Mesopotamians, we know this from his commentaries and writings. At best, all York did was take the stories generated by Sitchin, retold them and dipped the characters in chocolate. An example to illustrate this point, York claimed to be Marduk, hero of the Epics of Gilgames. In Nuwaupian literature, York is drawn and depicted as Marduk (spelled Murduk).
Now in the pantheon of gods, Marduk was son of Ea (Enki) and Enki was primarily a water deity, this is seen and attested to throughout Mesopotamia.
12. ud-ba jectug2 dajal mud dijir car2 jal2-jal213. den-ki-ke4 engur buru3 a-sur-ra ki dijir na-me cag4-bi u6 nu-um-me
"...the creator of all the senior gods, Enki lay on his bed, not waking up from his sleep, in the deep engur, in the flowing water, the place the inside of which no other god knows..."
-Enki and Ninmah: lines 12 - 13
York even has images of the "Anunnaqi" collectively as if they were posing for a class yearbook photo, and of course York inserts himself with the Anuna as Marduk himself. For the record, there are no depictions of the Anunnaqi together on any Mesopotamian primary source, not from Sumer, Lagash, Babylon, nor any cult center bearing a deity's name, let alone chocolate coated.
York apparently ignored the vast amounts of statues, tablets, cylinder seals and other ancient iconography as seen and presented to the world through their eyes, images such as the Votive relief of Ur-Namshe, King of Lagash Early Dynastic III (2550-2500 BC) below.
The statue of Ninurta, deity of the thundershowers and floods of spring. This statue was found in ancient Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar) by the Iraq expedition of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and dates from shortly after (3000 BC) below.
Or the well known head of a ruler of the third Dynasty of Ur Bismaya temple Gypsum bitumen 2000-2050 BCE below.
York apparently ignored these ancient artifacts as well as thousands of others.
York's artistic depictions, as stated earlier, helped to distort and confuse the narratives in the scribal records. For example, AN (Sumerian) Anu (Akkadian) is depicted here in chocolate, and claimed by York to be Yahweh of the Torah; and Allah, the Most High in Islam, which makes you wonder what York was up to when he declared himself to be the Grandson of the Most High, you be the judge on that claim.
"If you say you love ANU, then why do you not have faith in ANU, who is also known as El Eloh? Who is called in rhythm, Allah by the Muslims, meaning 'ones who are of peace'...ANU is also called Yahweh by the Hebrews, Thehos by the Christians, and God, by many others. He was appointed by The All as your caretaker..."
-Malachi York: The Holy Tablets pg. 7-8
"...Malachi-Zodoq, also called Murdok in Babylonian text and Amar-Utu in ancient Sumerian tablets, the son of ENQI, who is the son of ANU (your Allah, El Eloh, Jehovah or God)..."
-Malachi York: Breaking The Spell pg. 19
This brings us to the issues encompassing this term Nibiru. York has released numerous publications and live recordings of his beliefs or "teachings" regarding Nibiru. If you take the time to view all of his writings where Nibiru is mentioned, none of them are based on any Mesopotamian literature. He has never cited a line from any primary Babylonian, Sumerian or Akkadian sources. York believes that the word Neberu (Nibiru) finds it's roots in the Arabic language and not from any other as we read on page 4 of the following.
Keep in mind that York was taking parts from the writings of Zecharia Sitchin "planet of the crossing", but then claims that it's from an Arabic word "nabara", and that's simply untrue. Akkadian predates Arabic by centuries. Akkadian was the spoken language in Akkad, Larsa, Assyria Babylon and other parts of ancient Mesopotamia. To be certain, there are loan words from Akkadian to Arabic; for example, ba-bu (door) is today, bab (door), Laqlaqqu (stork) can be found in Arabic as tayir allaqaliq (stork), libnat (mudbrick) is, libna (mudbrick) in Arabic. York offers no proof, no parallels, no examples of syntactical evidence supporting his conclusion, it's nothing more than his poor attempts to Arabicize the word.
Over the years York has written and said much at his lectures on Nibiru throughout the mid 1990's to the early 2000's before being arrested. This of course was prior to abandoning his pseudo-Sumerian teachings, in favor of a pseudo-Egyptian set of teachings. York was profiting off his version of Sumerian literature, due in part to Sitchin's popularity with his Earth Chronicles series, but before York could release two publication (the Sumerian Torah and the Sumerian Bible) taken largely from Sitchin's works, he was arrested.
The internet is inundated with all sorts of kooky claims about Nibiru being a rogue planet or Planet X. You can put in a search for Nibiru from Google to Bing and find all sorts of fantasy views, most of which can be traced to Zecharia Sitchin, Malachi York to a new crop of ancient astronaut conspiracy theorist like Giorgio A. Tsoukalos.
York's position on Nibiru are easily debunked and dismissed. Aside from the fact that he was retelling claims made by Z. Sitchin, York also pushed notions of Nibiru that have no textual support. Here's a few more examples from York's own words, so you can get a clear picture of what he apparently believed or hoped Nibiru to be, versus reality.
Question: Is Nibiru a craft?
27. Yes There are many crafts of different sizes called Nibiru.
Question: Just what does Nibiru mean?
28. First you must overstand the meaning of the word Nibiru. It's from the ancient Sumerian as found in the Chaldean, Accadian, Aramic and Ashuric as Nabara, "to raise, to elevate, to go up".
Question: Where does the meaning "planet of crossing" come in?
29. The fact that the most spoke about craft Nibiru is a cube that whence, is in motion revolves and rotates, and creates an orb, giving the impression of a globe or planet structure. Thus, it inhabited the "planet of crossing".
Question: So are you saying, there is more than one Nibiru?
30. That is absolutely correct. There are many crafts that elevate and travel inter-galactically from star station to star station.
Question: So Nibiru is a UFO?
34. Kane [Yes] The crafts that come in and out, and those too large to enter this small earth's environment because the declared intellectuals of this planet have no spiritual or physical attachments to the beings that man the many crafts to them, they are UFO.
Question: Some craft's can't enter earth's atmosphere?
35. Exactly. The larger crafts could never fit in here. Some are 4 to 10 times the size of planet earth, which has a diameter of 7,925 miles in diameter and 24,896 miles in circumference.
Question: So how will they rapture the selected?
36. Smaller shams will come for the rapture. Take selected genetically bred individuals for reproduction and replenishing by 50s in the smaller shams to the mother crafts, and then those genetically calibrated for transformation and transfiguration suited for Nibiru's environment will be transported there.
Question: What of the others?
37. Many will not survive the cataclysmic calamities that are befalling the planet. Many will simply expire.
-Malachi York: Sacred Records of Atum-Re (The Black Book) pg. 369-373
Now in York's The Holy Tablets, hardcover edition, he makes the following assertions about this Nibiru.
31 This great ship, Nibiru, as it was later known, was a mothership; and Nibiru at the time held 12 smaller cylinder ships, called Shams that were to be launch out from it.
32 When Nibiru reached its destination, Nibiru was equipped with 4 separate atmospheres. What would make you overstand, what the 4 atmospheres are?
33 They are: (1) Outside of the spheres, where there is no air, and there is one atmosphere, Nibiru is able to adjust to that environment. (2) When you come into this dome, like planet, where there is oxygen and air, Nibiru is capable of adjusting to that environment. (3) When you go to Antarctica you would have to take your crafts into the glaciers, Nibiru is capable of adjusting to that environment, (4) When you'd have to take your craft beneath the sea, Nibiru is capable of adjusting to that environment
41 Nibiru, was set up for holographic, inter dimensional transport. That is, it is capable of cloning itself holographically to appear in more that one place at a time, future or past, without interfering with the principle of "NOW" or "THEN". And it is manned over 144,000 crew members headed by 24 elite beings called Yahwehans, 12 YAH "agreeable" and 12 WEH "disagreeable", that stood 7 feet tall.
-Malachi York: The Holy Tablets pg. 72
Neither Sumerian, Akkadian, nor any other Mesopotamian text describes Nibiru in the slightest form as being a craft or spaceship with Sumerian gods as pilots or passengers. Then we have the illustrations of Nibiru by York, strangely enough, an image taken from a 1915 science fiction magazine.
The fact that he was using an image from a Sci-fi magazine didn't prevent him from claiming that it was a fact; that Nibiru's apparent crash into the fictitious planet Maldek (a planet once positioned between Mars and Jupiter according to Sitchin) York used that same drawing in his own books to help illustrate the bogus claim of Nibiru crashing into planets.
"The planet Uranus was not originally seen in the solar system, when Nibiru made its first visits. Uranus' moving from behind Neptune caused Nibiru to veer off its own original path in order not to hit Uranus, and made it collide into another planet then called Maldek, also called Valkun."
-Malachi York: The Holy Tablets pg. 34
These vividly wild imaginations of York, outweighed anything Zecharia Sitchin wrote. York even went as far as to claim that Nibiru was not only the mother ship; but that smaller spaceships called "Crystal Cities" as seen below, will come out of Nibiru. This was intended to mesh with the Crystal City prophesy mentioned in Revelation 21:10-11.
"...the first pick up will be on August 12, 2003 A.D. and the last will be on June 26, 2030 A.D., that is if they are not blocked because there are people that are going to try and stop them from coming here. This is what different religions call the 'Rapture'."
-Malachi York: Shamballah And Aghaarta pg. 36
York took the above image of the so-called Crystal City from a book authored by Earlyne Chaney from her 1953, Secrets From Mount Shasta, and turned their image into a spaceship.
York was using all the talk of Nibiru as a gimmick, to juice money out of his followers via book sales. It's evident that York and his researchers has a delusional view of what the ancient Akkadians called Neberu (Nibiru). The following can be used as rebuttals to York's misinformation. They can be researched, corroborated and verified from the works of the most acclaimed Assyriologist of the highest eminence working or the documentation of their works in the fields, unlike York who only gives his opinions, deceptions and the plagiary of Sitchin's book series.
In the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (CAD) beginning on page 145, there's a detailed analysis of the Akkadian word Neberu (Nibiru) how it's used, where it's used and the different forms it's used in various ancient texts. Here's a few that completely refutes York's assertions that Nibiru is an Anunnaki driven spaceship.
Nibiru
1.
The other side (of a river or sea):
"qura[dija] ne-ber-ti Zaba ana kasad Ahlam Akka-<di> ad-ke-ma"
(I sent my warriors out across the river Zab to conquer the Akkadian Ahlamu)
"Sa ne-ber-ti Puratti Sirqu"
(which is situated on the other side of the Euphrates).
"Sakkanakki mat Hatti ne-bi-ir-ti Puratti ana ereb Samsi"
(the rulers of the Hatti-land on the other side of the Euphrates, towards the west)
"Guggu sar Luddi nagu sa ne-ber-ti tamti"
(King of Lydia, a district which is on the other side of the sea)
"sa ina neber-tum nar marratu asbu"
(who dwell on the other side of the Persian Gulf)
"ana Dilmun ana ne-ber-ti"
(To Dilmun, to the other side)
"ultu mat Gimirri sa ne-ber-tum mat Sugdu"
(Sugdu from the land on the other side of the Sogdians)
2
A Crossing:
"dNe-be-ru ne-be-re-et same u erseti lu tamahma"
(let [the star] Neberu be in control of the crossing places of the sky and of the earth)
-Enuma Elis Tablet 7 line 124
"pasqat ne-ber-tum supsuqat uruhsa"
(strait is the ford and narrow the road that leads thereto)
-Gilgamesh Epic: tablet 10 line 24
3.
Neberu (neberu, neperru) ferry, ford, crossing, one of the names of the planet Sag.me.gar mul.dMarduk = ne-i-ru6:
"ul ibsi Gilgames ni-bi-ru matima"
(there has never been a ferry, Gilgamesh)
-Gilagesh Epic: Tablet 10 line 21
"elenussunu nibiru issabtu adi muhhi ni-bi-ru uqattu ibiruni arkanis ana muhhisunnu ittebu"
(took the crossing place upstream from them, as soon as they had finished crossing they attacked them) [the troops of Elam]
"ugaresu me im-kir-ma usapsiqa ne-ber-tu"
(he flooded his meadows and thus made the crossing difficult)
4. neberru = one of the names of the planet Jupiter [Sag.me.gar]
"ele-nuss-unu ni-bi-ru issabtu a-di muhhi ni-bi-ru uqattu ibiruni arkanis ana muh-his-unu itte-bu"
(took the crossing-place upstream from them as soon as they had finished crossing).
-Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
http://www.aina.org/cad/cad_n2.pdf
In a footnote to his translations of Enuma Elis tablet 5, (Langdon 1923:156) states that "it is on the whole clear that Nibiru (the crossing) refers to the intersection of the celestial equator and the ecliptic and that the name was applied to Jupiter as a representative of the planets which cross from the southern to the northern part of the way of Anu and vice versa."
In eme.gir (Sumerian language) there are several terms for crossing, one that's applicable and relevant to this issue is NIG-BAL-BAL, and in Akkadian of course it's Ne-be-ru which describes what Jupiter represented visually as it's position was charted across the sky from dawn to dusk at various times a year. That's important to know because York would constantly claim that Nibiru was a Sumerian word "planet of the crossing", but that's not true because we can find many terms in Sumerian cuneiform for crossing, one being, NIG-BAL-BAL as seen below.
And again, the ancient Sumerian term for the planet Jupiter, was SAG-ME-GAR, and that planet crossed the sky from the early morining, to the coming of night, just as it was described in Akkadian.
For additional evidence to support this premise, in the MUL.APIN (Neo-Babylonian astronomical text) it mentions both SAG-ME-GAR and NE-BE-RU as being a planet that divides the sky and that it's the star of Marduk (d AMAR-UD).
36. When the stars of Enlil have been finished, one big star – although its light is dim – divides the sky in half and stands there: that is, the star of Marduk,
37. Nibiru, Jupiter; it keeps changing its position and crosses the sky.
Below is an updated drawing of York's Nibiru, as you can see in the illustration, it's a very detailed presentation of an elaborate space ship, and somehow, York wanted his followers and/or readers to believe this without citations and verifiable documentation from Sumerian tablets.
It was published in a book by York called Extraterrestrials In Creation on page 110. York claims (via an artistic depiction) that Nibiru is greater in size compared the planet Jupiter. This is significant because it demonstrated York's baseless approach to the topic of Nibiru as found in EE (Enuma Elis).
According the nearly every ancient reference to Neberu (Nibiru), it's always regarded as Jupiter, with only minor exceptions. The planet of the crossing or the planet that crosses, that planet was Jupiter, not a spaceship. Nibiru was regarded as a planet specifically Jupiter, and at other times Mercury. These descriptions identified the highest and brightest star in the sky as seen by the those ancient astronomers in Mesopotamia. This being the case, what would compel York to publish such distortions or lies in his books with no textual examples for confirmation?
As far Nibiru being larger than Jupiter, that's a fallacy because according the the ancient Mesopotamians, the planet Jupiter was Neberu (Nibiru) and Marduk's star. The term MUL D MARDUK confirms that Jupiter was the star of Marduk, who was a deity caring for the state and royalty, thus making Jupiter the star connected to the king. This is found on the Akkadian tablets of Enuma Elis tablet 7 line 126
126. Nibiru is his [Marduk] star which they caused to shine in the sky
-Enuma Elish: Tablet VII-translation by A. Heidel
oi.uchicago.edu
Tablet 7 above, is a confirmation of tablet 5 lines 5-6. According to the myths, they are accounts of Marduk's arrangements of the stars as lines 1-8 mentions.
Tablet 5
1. He created stations for the great gods;
2. The stars their likeness(es), the signs of the zodiac, he set up.
3. He determined the year, defined the divisions;
4. For each of the twelve months he set three constellations.
5. After he had def[ined] the days of the year [by means] of constellations,
6. He founded the station of Neberu to make known their duties.
7. That none might go wrong (and) be remiss,
8. He established the stations of Enlil and Ea [Enki] together with it.
-Enuma Elish: Tablet VII-translation by A. Heidel
oi.uchicago.edu
The Enuma Elis creation epics demonstrates Marduk's power and influence which was central to the epic. The opening of Enuma Elis tablet 5 deals with the order and regularity of the appearance of heavenly bodies, describing features of the heavens as the work of Marduk. Marduk arranged the stars into constellations and the images of the gods themselves. By means of the fixed stars, he organized a year into twelve months, marked by the (helical) rising of the three stars in each month in their specified paths. These paths, named Anu, Enlil, and Ea, were used in Babylonian astronomical texts such as MUL.APIN, the Astrolabes, and their derivatives as a reference system for the positions of the stars and constellations with respect to the horizon. Here he's depicted as establishing the "path" for the other "great gods" in line 1, followed by line 6 where he established the stations i.e. the way or path of Neberu.
1. He (Marduk) created the constellations for the great gods.
6. [Marduk] founded the position of the (star) Neberu to make known their (the fixed stars' firm position).
8. He established the stations of Enlil and Ea (Enki) together with it.
9. He opened gates on both sides.
The "station" of Enlil, corresponds to the northern band of the celestial vault, and that of Ea (Enki) to the southern band. The way of Anu is the equatorial band, about sixteen and a half degrees to each side of the equator. "Together with it" means as much as "beside it", i.e. beside the station of Neberu, whose station lay between those of Enlil and Enki and came within the sphere of Anu. Marduk, as a deity predates his astralization as Jupiter. Of his origins not much is known. Marduk's astral nature seems to have stemmed from the later development of his cult that occupied the ascendancy of the State of Babylonia. The astral manifestation of the god Marduk was primarily Jupiter, but secondarily also Mercury. Jupiter's name in celestial omen texts or astronomical sources outside those of the late Babylonian astronomy is most often d/mulSAG.ME.GAR, omens concerning Jupiter in Enuma Anu Enlil and other scholastic astrological texts of the 7th century, make use of a number of other names as well, viz, Neberu, Sulpae, Dapinu (mulUD.AL.TAR) and the Marduk star (MUL AMAR.UTU). Late astronomical texts use the name mulBABBAR. Reports suggests that some of the various names for the star of Marduk (Sulpae, SAG.ME.GAR, and Neberu) correspond to the different appearances of the planet with respect to the horizon, Sulpae being its name when Jupiter rises, SAG.ME.GAR when it has risen, Neberu when on or near the meridian, and when it reaches "meridian" status, it represents the marker and the central point, the height of the crossing point.
When the planetary manifestation of Marduk appeared in the middle of the sky, he was called d/mulNeberu, the Crossing Point. Marduk was also identified with the closest planet to the sun, Mercury, which may well explain the writing of Marduk's name AMAR.UTU (calf of the sun). If the star of Marduk becomes visible at the beginning of the year: that year his furrow will prosper, meaning, Mercury becomes visible in the month of Nisan. The dual association of Jupiter and Mercury may have more to do with mythological interrelations at play rather than any astronomical justification. Mercury was more often associated with dNinurtur, and being less luminous and more difficult to see.
These various names and signs and names for Marduk in conjunction with the planet Jupiter (Neberu) are simple to explain, but because of the various websites, movies, books and conspiracy theories, it becomes complicated. Another widespread designation of Jupiter is MUL SUL.PA.E3. Lord of the Bright Dawn (meaning Jupiter in the eastern sky) which shows a possibility to classify the names of Jupiter by its location in the sky. It may be that MULSAG.ME.GAR means "Jupiter in culmination" while MUL UD.AL.TAR means "Jupiter in the West". Here are some determinatives worth noting. DINGIR (Akkadian ilu) meaning god/deity/goddess; MUL, Akkadian kakkabu, means "star". DINGIR has come from a pictogram depicting a star, if we look close at MUL, we see it consists of 3 DINGIRs as shown below.
The similar sounding UL or ul means "star" and is often used as a determinative. In late astrological texts, three or more determinatives are used for stars: TE, AB2 and DAN2, today written by Assyriologists as MUL2, MULx and MUL4 accordingly. Of course MUL didn't only mean star. According to Sumerologist John A. Halloran in his Sumerian Lexicon regarding the determinative, he has it as, star constellation; planet; meteor (DI6/MI, "night" + UL, star, ornament) [MUL archaic frequency: 6]. v., to (let) sparkle, shine, glow (Halloran 1999).
One thing that's noticeably absent from York's writings, is the syllables that form the term Nibiru, and that's very telling. York would constantly reference Enuma Elish, but never cited a tablet from the seven nor a line supporting his commentaries. Like Sitchin, York has never demonstrated any ability to read, write, transliterate or translate a text. With all of the available databases, electronic text corpus' or linguistic software, York should have at least written out, or shown the word Nibiru as found in a cuneiform text so it could be verified by the lay person. He's never even demonstrated it regarding Sumerian/Akkadian Royal names such as AN/ANU, Enlil, Enki, Anunnaqi nor Marduk.
In York's book, Is Jesus God?, he presents to his readers an absolutely laughable deception using the Neo-Assyrian cuneiform fonts. It's as if someone copied, chopped and pasted symbols then placed them anywhere, using terms that are completely inaccurate, none of which represents the names of anyone they're attributed to as the example below shows.
The names in cuneiform are simply wrong, and you'll NEVER find a single ancient Sumerian, Akkadian or Babylonian text using these syllables. In fact, the individuals responsible for the research in several of his publications, informed me that they just took random cuneiform scripts, put them together and added them to the books as York instructed them to, and it shows. The cuneiform signs York has for An and Anu respectively, are bogus. The cuneiform sign for An/Anu is a determinative known as a DINGIR, and used as a sign for sky (heaven), deity/god, at times a star/three stars/constellation (MUL). In transliteration it's shown as a "d" before the name of a deity as we see with the divine names of dMarduk, dEnlil, dEnki. Below are a couple of examples of dEn-ki and dEn-lil2 using two slightly different cuneiform fonts, the Santakku font and the Old Babylonian monumental cursive script.
Above are cuneiform writings of the divine names of An/Anu, dEnki and dEnlil, you can verify this by reading any of the various Sumerero-Akkadian tablets. With regards to dEa (Enki) and dEn-lil, the text where you can verify the accuracy, is in the Enuma Elis tablet 6 line 64. Again, what York was using, and found in his publications has nothing whatsoever to do with the names attached to them. Using the Neo-Assyrian fonts properly would look like this.
The below (according to York) says Anunna in Sumerian as well as Ina-Anun.na.qi. Again, as with the previous examples, you will NOT find any text with these cuneiform arrangements.
The Enuma Elis would be an excellent primary source to verify this. The following example mentions the Anunnaki in the Enuma Elis, tablet 6 line 47.
47. The Anunnaki opened their mouth.
As you can clearly see with the above example from the Enuma Elish, dAnuna(ki) is verifiable in the text, however York's entry can not be found, therefore it's safe to conclude that it's misinformation. Because York relied heavily on the books of Zecharia Sitchin, claims of "Rocket ships" are taken directly from Sitchin. Unfortunately for York, he never verified Sitchin's writings with any ancient text, rather, he plagiarized then published them in his own books.
Utu/Shamash was 'he of the fiery rocket ships.' He was, we suggest, the commander of the spaceport of the gods.
The 12th Planet pg. 21
land of the Lord of the Rocket ships
Malachi York: Is Jesus God pg.
York's commentary was derived from Sitchin's misinformation. York then magnified the misinformation by presenting cuneiform fonts proposed to mean "land of the Lord of the rocket ships", but as predicted, York offers no citations, no Sumerian or Akkadian sources so it can be supported.
There is NO ancient text that mentions a rocket ship in Sumer.
MUL.SAG.ME.GAR (Jupiter) is another term York has never used in any of his books. With all the references to Jupiter or planet crossing in conjunction with Sumerian literature, MUL.SAG.ME.GAR is curiously omitted. MUL.SAG.ME.GAR would play a key role on the topic of Jupiter or "crossing" just as much as Neberu (Nibiru). The Enuma Anu Enlil 5 text, is a commentary on solar and lunar omens as well as astrological meanings of stars and planets, with Jupiter being one of them.
Just using the above text of Enuma Anu Enlil, we find d.SAG.ME.GAR, and its literal definition, the planet Jupiter. With so much available documentation, how could anyone writing on the topic of Sumer + Jupiter, omit SAGMEGAR from their presentation, unless they were just clueless.
Nibru (Sumerian) and Neberu (Akkadian)
Another angle that is important to the question of Nibiru, is the Toponym Nibru. The name of the city where Enlil's temple was, it was called Nippur, in Sumerian (Nibru), and the logograms are the same as Enlil's name with the determinative (ki) added at the end designating that it's a place.
The Temple dedicated to the deity Enlil was NOT Nibiru, it was the planet Jupiter. Here's little background information about Nibru. The patron deity of Nibru was En.lil who was elevated to supreme deity of the Mesopotamian Pantheon during the Early Dynastic period. His temple at Nippur was the e2-kur (House which is a Mountain). Other cults located in Nibru included: The cult of Enlil's wife Ninlil whose temple was the e2-Tummal (Tummal house). The cult of Nuska whose temple was the e2-melem-hus (House of terrifying radiance). The shrine inside was called the e2s-mah (Magnificent shrine). There was a cult of Ninurta whose temple was the e-me-ur-ana (House which gathers the divine powers) or sometimes the e2-su-me-sa. There was a cult that worshiped Ninsubar whose temple at Nibru was the e2-akkil-duku (House of lamentation, pure mound). There was a cult of Ninimma whose shrine was the e2-igi-hus-a (House of the angry eye). The Ziggurat at Nibru was the e2-tu-hur-sag (House of the mountain wind). So with all of these temples in Nippur (Nibru) this in no way would be the planet Jupiter (Neberu/Nibiru).
Enlil as the leading deity of the Sumerian pantheon, ruled the cosmos. From the earliest time, Nibru evolved as the spiritual center of Sumer. Literary references in earliest writing indicate that Sumerian kings regarded Nibru as providing a sacred continuity to the Sumerian pantheon of goddesses and gods. in 2700 BCE, King Enmebaragesi of Kish constructed the Ekur Temple of Enlil at Nibru. Today Nibru (Nippur) is the Nuffar archaeological site in the Al-Qadisiyyah district.
It's recorded as Nibru ki, a toponym for Nippur, Enlil's land (En.Lil ki). The determinative DINGIR is attached to the divine names. The determinative "ki" is attached to geographic names. In the example of writing the name of a city, one would attach the determinative "ki". It is perhaps worth noting that these determinatives were not actually a part of the name nor were they verbal, so you wouldn't pronounce the "ki" when saying Enlilki or Nibruki. Nibru is found 163 times in Sumerian literature and nowhere in Akkadian. There are numerous stories and hymns that speaks of Nibru, here's a brief look at a few examples.
Enki's Journey to Nibru
Sumerian Transliteration:
96. nibruki-še3 ĝiri3-ni dili mu-un-gub
97. gi-gun4-na eš3-e nibruki-a im-ma-da-an-ku4-ku4
98. den-ki-ke4 kaš-kaš-e ba-te kurun2-kurun2-e ba-te
99. kurun2 gal zabar-ra ba-ni-in-de2
100. &kaš;ulušin dili-am3 ba-ni-in-sur
101. dugku-kur-ru2 kaš dug3-dug3-ga duḫ-bi bi2-in-sa2-sa2
102. ka-bi lal3 zu2-lum-ma niĝ2 er9 ba-ni-in-ak
103. duḫ-bi niĝ2 lal3-lal3 dili-a sed-še3 bi2-in-du8
English Translation: 96-103
He directed his steps on his own to Nibru and entered the temple terrace, the shrine of Nibru. Enki reached for (?) the beer, he reached for (?) the liquor. He had liquor poured into big bronze containers, and had emmer-wheat beer pressed out (?). In kukuru containers which make the beer good he mixed beer-mash. By adding date-syrup to its taste (?), he made it strong. He …… its bran-mash.
-Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
An Elegy on the Death of Nawirtum
Sumerian Transliteration:
39. ud-bi-a nitalam ki / aĝ2\-[ĝa2-a-ni ...] dili-a-ni
40. iriki-na nibruki-a iri? [ X X] NI KU
41. mlu2-diĝir-ra nitalam [ ki aĝ2]-ĝa2-a-ni [ ... dili-a]-ni
42. iriki-na nibruki-a iri? [ X X] NI KU
43. ki-tuš gal [...] šag4? ḫul? ba-an-na-te
44. šu-ni? / ba?\-an?-dab5-be2-eš šag4-bi [ X] mu-un-ra
45. [ ...]-a-ni u2-a ab-ta-an-kud zi-ni [ X] ab-da-ra-ra
46. [ X X] ab2-gin7 ib2-e3 lu2 TUG2 dam? nu-tuku-tuku
English Translation: 39-46
Then her beloved husband all alone ……, in his city, in Nibru, the city ……, Lu-diĝira, her beloved husband, all alone ……, in his city, in Nibru, the city ……, approached her with suffering heart in ……, the great dwelling-place. They took his hand, their hearts were overwhelmed (?). His …… was excluded from nourishment, his breath was stifled (?). He uttered moans (?) like a cow, he who had no …… garments.
-Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
"Nippur: Major city and the most important religious center in Sumeria, founded by 4000 BC. Nippur was the site of the temple of Enlil, the god responsible for sanctifying secular power, making control of the city essential for any Mesopotamian king. The final temple sanctuary was built by Ur-Nammu, king of Ur, in about 2100 BC..."
-The Sumerian Temple Records at the Australian Institute of Archaeology
I consulted Sumerologist John A. Halloran, author of the Sumerian Lexicon via email concerning this, and here's his response.
"...nibru ki refers to the religious center of Sumer, the city of Nippur. Nippur had that name because it was founded at the site. "
Regards, John Halloran
If you put into any online search engine Nibru, you'll see a correction asking if you meant Nibiru, and that's where the problem starts when searching. While researching and looking closer at these two words, Nibru and Nibiru, it's not difficult to imagine how some people with dishonest intentions would develop a false narrative regarding the two. In saying that, it's more than a coincidence that Zecharia Sitchin would popularize the notions of the "Annunaki" residing in or on Nibiru. Being familiar with the settlement name of Nibru, Sitchin would know that it has nothing to do with Jupiter (Neberu/Nibiru). This is key, because in Sumerian literature, the pantheon of the gods, according to the myths, resided or occupied Nibru, the name of a temple dedicated to Enlil.
Altering an English spelling would drastically change the meaning and direction of the literature in translation, and that appears to be the case. When seeking to deceive a reader using the English spelling, some writers like Sitchin and York will define Nibruki as, "Nib-roo-kee, Sumerian [meaning] Earthplace of Nibiru", you can find this meaning in York's Holy Tablets page 1683 under the definition of Nibiru. Using the English, if the (I) is added to N I B _ R U (a toponym) it then changes and becomes N I B I R U. That simple alteration in English was how it was done. "ki" on the other hand, is a determinative for land + place and would not have been pronounced as part of the term. This deception could only be successful when using the English spellings of Nibiru, and NOT relying cuneiform logograms or determinatives.
Nibiru A Plural?
In the entire corpus of Mesopotamian literature, you do NOT find entries of Neberu (Nibiru) as a plural, a fleet of intergalactic crafts. This fallacy has never been substantiated by York or anyone else. In none of the various interpretations and explanations of Neberu (Nibiru) do you read, "Planets of the Crossing" or "Jupiters". The idea that there were several Nibiru(s), was part of the false narrative used by York. It was designed to fit neatly into his bogus claims and of a "fleet" of Nibirian space crafts.
" I come from a starfleet of people that are scientists, and astrologers; they are the ones who keep the Asashe, Akastic Records..."
-Malachi York: Is God An Extra-Terra-Asral? (Extraterrestrial) pg.111
Malachi York was instrumental in pushing the plurality of Neberu (Nibiru). Two of his larger publications, "The Black Book" and "The Holy Tablets", within those books he elaborated more on the topic than with others. Without any evidence to back his claims. Along with his charismatic speaking style, York was successful in the spread of this plurality.
The Black Book
(33) When you'd have to take your craft beneath the sea, Nibiru is capable of adjusting to that environment. That is the 4 separate atmospheres, that all the crafts, titled Nibiru, as part of the Nibiru fleet, is capable of adjusting to.... (38) The Grand Mothership Nibiru can hold many thousands of crown shaped ships, but this mission had only 2,880 crown shaped Shams, it also has a fleet of 24 crystal cities with crystal like domes, giving them the ability to break down light, as a prism would, and be able to make energy. (39) It has solar panels that are the size of a pin's head, or less than that, and can generate millions and millions of megawatts of energy, as well. (40) As Nibiru passed by various suns; or stations set up in the galaxy, Nibiru drew an energy charge from them. (41) Nibiru, was set up for holographic, interdimensional transport. That is, it is capable of cloning itself holographically to appear to more than one place at a time, making it virtually impossible to determine which holographic projection from the original.
-Malachi York: The Holy Tablets pg. 30-34
Refuting York's assertions can be found very easily. All anyone has to do is pull up a text where Neberu is clearly mentioned; look to the Enuma Elis for example, and you'll see that it's a singular verb, (crossing), an action observed by the ancient astronomers as they charted planet Jupiter from dawn till dusk. In 2019, although York is incarcerated for his crimes, his current publications are still pushing deceptions about Neberu (Nibiru). Now, as in the past, York declares Nibiru to be his personal private-like jet, that transports him across the galaxy.
"...MY CRAFT Nibiru hovers overhead, and peeks it's sight, and it's circled rainbows overhead are ever so bright....they wander on in ignorance, having not seen Nibiru."
-Malachi York: The Holy Tablets Chapter 6 Tablet 2:14-18 (1996)
"...In order to get here I traveled by one of the smaller passenger crafts called Shams or came out of a mother plane called Merkabah or N.IB.R.U."
-Malachi York: Actual Fact The Proof By Way Of Paa Nabab Yaanuwn pg. 150 (2018)
That not being enough, York takes on yet another personage, a fertility Sumerian god he claims is from Nibiru, this too is false.
Now aside from the repetitious rhetoric about being a Rizqiyian, York now pretends to be a NEW character. In the past he pretended to be Marduk, son of Enki; now he's claiming to be a Sumerian deity Ningishzidda, another Annunaki. Before explaining what an Anunnaki is in Mesopotamian literature, a brief background on Ningishzidda is needed. Ningishzida was known as a deity of vegetation and the underworld. He was regarded as a guardian of the door to the underworld who has a horned snake as his symbol.
(Above is a statue of Ur-Ningirsu, and it was dedicated to dNingishzida 2117 BC, excavated in Southern, Iraq)
He's been associated with trees, fertility and snakes according to eminent Assyryologist Thorklid Jacobsen in his book The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion. He wrote that the roots of the tree drew nourishment from deep underground and has the appearance of intertwining snakes.
Libation Vases of Anuna Ningishzida: Neo-Sumerian era 2120 BC. Telloh, Ancient Girsu Richelieu rm. 2 in the Louvre Museum Paris, France. Ningiszida was a guardian of the door to the underworld who has a horned snake as his symbol. He appears to have been associated with trees, fertility, and snakes. Thorkild Jacobsen wrote that the roots of the tree draw nourishment from deep underground and have the appearance of entwining snakes. It means lord of the good tree (or faithful tool). Sometimes there is some interplay between the word for tree and the word for penis, so he could be a god of fertility also. [Halloran]
There are roughly 56 references to Ningishzida in Sumerian literature, the following are a couple of examples.
Ningishzida's Journey to the Nether World and Enki and Ninhursaga.
272. di4-di4-la2-la2 ba-tud-de3-en-na-aš niĝ2-/ba nam\-[la2]
273. dab-u2 lugal u2 ḫe2-a
274. dnin-siki-la2 en ma2-gan-na ḫe2-a
275. dnin-giri17-u3-tud dnin-a-zu ḫa-ba-an-tuku-tuku
276. dnin-ka-si niĝ2 šag4 si ḫe2-a
277. dna-zi u3-mu-un-dar-a ḫa-ba-an-tuku-tuku
278. da2-zi-[mu2-a] [dnin]-ĝiš-zid-da ḫa-ba-an-tuku-tuku
279. d/nin\-[ti] /nin\ itid-e ḫe2-a
280. [den-sa6]-/ag\ en dilmun-na ḫe2-a
281. [den-ki] za3-mi2
272-281. For the little ones to whom I have given birth may rewards not be lacking. Ab-u shall become king of the grasses, Ninsikila shall become lord of Magan, Ningiriutud shall marry Ninazu, Ninkasi shall be what satisfies the heart, Nazi shall marry Nindara, Azimua shall marry Ningiszida, Ninti shall become the lady of the month, and Ensag shall become lord of Dilmun. Praise be to father Enki"
Enki and Ninhusaga: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (Translation)
A balbale to Ningiszida (Ningiszida A)
25. lugal en šag4 su3-ra2 barag maḫ-za nam dug3 mu-ri-in-tar
26. diĝir niĝ2-si-sa2-e ki aĝ2-e inim dug3-bi mu-un-e
27. palil gal-zu unken-na PA-PA-a ḫe2-du7
28. lugal ni2 ri-a ildum2 ud-bi saĝ-ba du-a
29. an-bar an-ta a-ba de-ĝen-ne2 a-na an-da-sa2-a
30. ur-saĝ me3 igi ĝal2 taka4-a kur un3-na i3-a-e3
31. dnin-ĝiš-zid-da me3 igi ĝal2 taka4-a kur un3-na i3-a-e3
32. lugal ki gu-la a2 aĝ2-ĝa2 tum2 ki DU-bi tum2-mu-de3
33. šul diĝir tuku ki a2 aĝ2-ĝa2-ni igi-bi ma-ra-ši-ĝal2
34. lugal ka lal3 diĝir-re-e-ne den-ki za3-mi2
35. dnin-ĝiš-zid-da dumu dnin-a-zu
36. a-a den-ki za3-mi2
37. bal-bal-e dnin-ĝiš-zid-da-kam
(Transliteration)
25-37. The king who is the lord of broad understanding (i.e. Enki) has determined a good destiny for you on your elevated throne-dais; the god who loves justice (probably Utu) has spoken these favorable words: "Foremost one, leader of the assembly, glory of ……, king endowed with awesomeness, sun of the masses, advancing in front of them! Who can rival you in the highest heaven? What can equal you?" Hero who, after surveying the battle, goes up to the high mountains! Ninĝišzida, who, after surveying the battle, goes up to the high mountains! King, you who carry out commands in the great underworld, you who carry out the underworld's business! Any youth who has a personal god is at your disposal, there where your commands are issued. O king, honeyed mouth of the gods! Praise be to Enki. Ninĝišzida, son of Ninazu! Praise be to Father Enki. A balbale of Ningiszida.
(Translation)
Upon reading all of the sources submitted, and the evidence in refute, Nibru(ki) being referred to as Nibiru, is a dead issue due to a lack of evidence, and linguistic support.
Cylinder Seal VA - 243
Finally we've arrive at the foundation of Zecharia Sitchin's belief/teachings regarding Neberu (Nibiru), and by default York's. It's all based on what's coined as "Lookership". It's an urban term for poor scholarship; when someone reaches a conclusion as fact by simply viewing an object or image without applying any rigorous research methodology; the viewer forms an opinion based solely on what something looks like. Unfortunatly that lazy system has been applied to the Cylinder Seal VA-243 by Sitchin and others.
The VA 243 cylinder seal is known by that name because it's number "243" in a collection of artifacts located in the Vorderasiatische Museum. The Vorderasiatisches Museum is in Berlin, Germany. It's an archaeological museum located in the south wing basement section of the Pergamon Museum and has one of the world's largest collections of Southwest Asian art.
The VA-243 cylinder seal is believed to be a depiction of the planets in our solar system, below is taken directly from the exhibit VA 00243, claimed to be a depiction of the sun and what is proposed to be Nibiru. Notice that the cuneiform text on the left is repeated on the right and neither mentions planets.
A cylinder seal is a small, barrel-shaped stone object with a hole in the center and an incised design or cuneiform inscription. Sumerians used cylinder seals to sign legal documents and other administrative documents. It was originally rolled on clay when soft to indicate ownership or to authenticate a document and was used mainly in Mesopotamia from the late 4th to the 1st millennium BC. Below are Zecharia Sitchin's views on VA 243 of which York would later pass on to his followers with slight innovations.
" In the ruins of Sumerian cities excavated by archaeologists...There are texts specifically dealing with the Solar System. There are texts among the unearthed tablets that list the planets orbiting the Sun in their correct order; one text even gives the distances between the planets. And there are illustrations on cylinder seals depicting the Solar System, as the one shown in Plate B that is at least 4,500 years old and that is now kept in the Near Eastern Section of the State Museum in East Berlin, catalogued under number VA/243. If we sketch the illustration appearing in the upper left-hand corner of the Sumerian depiction we see a complete Solar System in which the Sun (not Earth!) is in the center, orbited by all the planets we know of today...The answer lies in the second difference between the Sumerian depiction of the Solar System (fig. 6a) and our present knowledge of it (fig. b). It is the inclusion of a large planet in the empty space between Mars and Jupiter. We are not aware of any such planet; but the Sumerian cosmological, astronomical, and historical texts insist that indeed exist one more planet in our Solar System- its twelfth member: they included The Host of Heaven 19 the Sun, the Moon (which they counted as a celestial body in its own right for reasons stated in the texts), and ten, not nine, planets.
It was the realization that a planet the Sumerian texts called NIBIRU ('planet of the Crossing') was neither Mars nor Jupiter, as some scholars have debated, but another planet that passes between them every 3,600 years that gave rise to my first book's title, the 12th planet--the planet which is the 'twelth member' of the Solar System (although technically it is, as a planet, only the tenth). It was from that planet, the Sumerian texts repeatedly and persistently stated, that the ANUNNAKI came to Earth. The term literally means 'Those Who from Heaven to Earth Came.' They are spoken of in the Bible as the Anakim, and in Chapter 6 of Genesis are also called Nefilim, which in Hebrew means the same thing: Those Who Have Come Down, from the Heavens to Earth. And it was from the Anunnaki, the Sumerians explained— as though they had anticipated our questions—that they had learnt all they knew. The advanced knowledge we find in Sumerian texts is thus, in effect, knowledge that was possessed by the Anunnaki who had come from Nibiru; and theirs must have been a very advanced civilization, because as I have surmised from the Sumerian texts, the Anunnaki came to Earth about 445,000 years ago.
Way back then they could already travel in space. Their vast elliptical orbit made a loop—this is the exact translation of the Sumerian term—around all the outer planets, acting as a moving observatory from which the Anunnaki could investigate all those planets. No wonder that what we are discovering now was already known in Sumerian times. Why anyone would bother to come to this speck of matter we call Earth, not by accident, not by chance, not once but repeatedly, every 3,600 years, is a question the Sumerian texts have answered. On their planet Nibiru, the Anunnaki/Nefilim were facing a situation we on Earth may also soon face: eco- logical deterioration was making life increasingly impossible."
-Zecharia Sitchin: Genesis Revisited-Is Modern Science Catching Up with Ancient Knowledge pg. 15-20
Nothing in the above that Sitchin wrote is factual, and defiantly not supported via any Sumerian text. I have underlined several key points from Sitchin's arguments. All anyone has to do is ask Sitchin or his followers, or even York's followers, why are there no Sumerian tablets mentioning and supporting their claims? They offer compelling talking points, however it's only significant to those unfamiliar with the myths as told by the ug-sag-gig-ga "the black headed people". Take notice of the fact that Sitchin does NOT attempt to read, transliterate or translate the cylinder seal VA - 243, it's just his interpretations alone. Here's a little history about VA-243.
It's important to note; many of the early translations have since been expanded and improved, case and point, William Hayes Ward, in his drawing of the cylinder seal emphasized the construction details of the plow. He wondered about the large number of "planets" surrounding the sun [Ward, 1910]. Ward's drawing of VA-243 in 1910 recognized the image of the plow and sacrificial "goat" according to him, both the six pointed and eight -pointed star. Below is his assessment.
With all that's said and/or interpreted in the above, there's no mention of Nibiru in any of those early translations writings. Sitchin uses this same exact drawing by Ward, and knew Ward's interpretation made no mention of Nibiru, thus Sitchin openly deceived his readers and followers. Anto Moortgat (1940), was a renowned Akkadian scholar, he read the three text boxes as Dubsiga Ill-illat, ir-su. These he translated as, DUBSIGA ILI-ILLAT (your servant), but no mentioning of Nibiru nor are any planets mentioned by name. Sitchin asserted that another planet passes between Mars and Jupiter every 3,600 years, that the Sumerians called Nibiru, this is a claim without evidence, and as shown and proven throughout this article, Nibiru is not a Sumerian word period, so Sitchin was indeed wrong and so were all his contemporaries subsequent to the release of his publications making that claim.
Sitchin's first book The 12th Planet was written in 1976, in the direct aftermath of the last Apollo Moon landing in December 1972, this was at a time when Rockets was all the rage and the only believed means for interplanetary travel. This would probably explain Sitchin's assumptions that the Anunnaki/Nephilim would travel to Earth via rockets, a belief popularize by Ancient Alien advocates like Eric von Daniken with his documentary and book Chariots of the Gods. In contrast, today's Ancient Alien theorist who grew up on Star Trek post 1980's and the Star Gate series, these modern proponents would suggest that Aliens used Star Gates, traveling faster than the speed of light, rather than the out dated Apollo rockets.
Sitchin (and by default Malachi York), their arguments that the Sumerians knew there were more planets, including Nibiru was based solely on VA-243. Two individuals are shown making an offering to a seated god or King. Above them is what Sitchin claims is the sun surrounded by eleven globes, representing the nine planets, the moon and Nibiru. This so-called cluster of planets is a claim easily made, anyone can come up with a conclusion of their choice by simply looking at it, just as some have theorized that in addition to other stars, the VA-243 cylinder seal also shows the unmistakable three stars of Orion's belt.
Unfortunately for advocates of that theory, it's more fantasy, rather than reality.
The symbol for the sun was a circle with four points or arms with wavy lines between them inside a larger circle, while the symbol for other stars was a circle with six, seven or eight arms with NO wavy lines. Below are cylinder seals, VA-243 and An Adab To Ninurta for Lipit-Estar (Lipit-Estar D) which is from the collection at the Walters Art Museum. They're very similar in appearance, the latter shows what's clearly a sun (a circle with 4 points and wavy lines), yet neither is speaking of Nibiru, planets or anything. So it's disingenuous for people like Sitchin to take a cylinder seal, claim that it's depicting the solar system (12 planets) yet ignore the text which informs the reader about the seal and what it's saying.
The text reads from the right to left,
LUGAL KA-GI-UL
DUB-SAR
DUMU UR-DINGIR-RA
Lugal Kagiul, scribe, son of Urdingirra.
The seal it's self displays a scene where the Lu-gal (scribe) is led to a sitting deity by a goddess. Neither this cylinder seal, nor the VA-243 makes any mention about Nibiru, planets or rocket ships. In those Meosoptamian texts that does speak about planets in detail, they only mention (5) as mentioned in Mul.Apin and Enuma Anu Enlil tablets.
Mesopotamian Names Of Planets:
1. Sihtu: dUdu.idim.gu.4.ud, MulNa.bu.u2 = Mercury
2. Sihtu: dUdu.idim.gu4.ud, Gu4.ud, MulNa.bu.u2, Dumu.Lugal = Mars
3. dDil.bat: MulDil.bat, dU.Dar, dIs.htar = Venus
4. Sag.me.gar: Mul dMarduk. Mul Lugal, Mul Ud.al.tar Mul Neberu = Jupiter
5. Kajam anu: dNin.urta, MulUdu.idim.sag.us, MulSag.us = Saturn
MUL-APIN
The cylinder seal VA 243 has dots that York (following behind Sitchin) claims are 12 planets, yet neither have taken the time to authenticate what the seals says for what it says, and this is typical with pseudo scholars. Sumerian and Akkadian linguistic experts who have translated the seal has indicated that it states the following,
DUB.SI.GA D.IL.LA.TUR3 ARAD.SU
"Dubsiga, Ili.il.laat [is] your servant"
-Vorderasiatische Rollsiegel: West Asian Cylinder Seals 1940 translation originally by Ph.D Professor Anton Moortgat page 101
"DUBSIG" is a cuneiform term meaning "basket for working" (ref: Daniel Foxvog 'Sumerian Glossary'), extended to "basket worker" when used for a male. Dubsig(IL) (dubsik) work basket, corvee basket (often with a wood or reed determinative; previously read dusu) (tupsikku), and that supports the fact that the whole seal is dedicated to AGRICULTURE, in fact, the seated god, (IL-LA) is giving a "plough" to the dubsig (basket worker) named ARAD-ZU who's carrying a lamb. The -A- in dubsig(a) is a post-fix expressing localization read to dubsig. The seed plough was an invention of the Sumerians and is displayed prominently in various cylindrical seals, in addition to the VA-243. It's known as a GIS.APIN, or wooded (seed) plough, and can easily be found in Sumerian literature.
Example:
318: gisapin gissudul2 erin-bi si ba-an-sa2
319: nun gal den den-ki-ke4 gud si-par4 us2-a ba-an-sum2
320: ab-sin2 kug-ge ka ba-an-du8
321: gan2-ne2
"He organized ploughs, yokes and teams. The great prince Enki bestowed the horned oxen that followed the....tools, he opened up the holy furrows, and made the barley grow on cultivated fields."
Enki and the World Order
If the VA 243 cylinder seal is depicting multiple planets or "12", then how does the plough fit within the narrative? Neither York nor Sitchin has ever attempted to explain what the cuneiform writing was saying in the seal. Their focus was on the configuration of what looks like a six pointed star with several dots said to be planets. In York's book, Does Religion Breed Ignorance, he writes,
How Does The Six Pointed Star Tie Into The Sumerians?
Ans: It is not known to many. The six pointed star is not a Jewish star. The six pointed star, Mogan David is the symbol of the sun and is found on tablets in cuneiform. It has a circle in the center of it, and has the planets around it as shown in the picture on page 44.
York writes a similar passage in another book;
"The Sumerians of thousands of years ago knew about the solar system and the amount of planets that circled the sun. It was not always 9 as many people believed. The carving that is located at a museum in East Berlin, Germany called the Vorderasiastische Atbeilung of the state museum depicts a large group of 11 globes encircling a large star or sun which is clearly the solar system."
-Malachi York: Nibiru And The Anunnaqi Fact Or Fiction? pg. 83
And finally he writes this in a follow up book;
"The Anunnaqi came to the Sumerians and gave them advanced information on the creation of the solar system and all the planets in and out of this solar system, they also taught them how to build great cities, farming and how to build crafts that could fly in the air. "
-Malachi York: Mission Earth And The Extraterrestrial Involvement pg. 13
Here we see York holding the Sitchin position that the above image represents the solar system with 12 planetary bodies. The images presented by Sitchin and York with names of planets are ridiculous exaggerations, and both mention planets that were not known nor found on any Mesopotamian text. Nowhere do you see anything mentioning Neberu (Nibiru). The problem with both Sitchin and York is their lack of offering corroboration and verification, meaning, the object claimed by both is supposed to be a sun, this becomes problematic when they offer nothing to support the premise.
We have to agree that if the interpretation of VA 243 is NOT the sun, then the entire foundation collapses, and that's exactly the case. The Sumerians and Akkadians were very knowledgeable with regards to celestial bodies, and recorded what they could see, this is well documented in the tablets called, Mul.Apin. The Mesopotamians have documented their observations of the sun, the moon, as well as other planets, and depicted them many times anthropomorphically as deities.
Example
The symbol below was usually how the Mesopotamians depicted the sun. The Sun-Disk was written by a sumerogram "as.me" and in Akkadian as, "bariru; samsaru", a deity, "Utu" (Sumerian) "Samas" (Akkadian) represented by Shamash or Utu. It was usually artistically shown as a central circle with 4 points in the form of wavy lines (but NOT always with wavy lines). Less common names for the sun are dGIS.NU according to Assyryologist (Borger 1981:123) as well as a term usually meaning "a lamp + light tool + light "
(Ref: John A. Halloran 1999 Lexicon)
Below is the actual Babylonian Kudurru Stone relief, which was a stone document used as a boundary stone as records of land grants to Vassals by the Kassites in ancient Babylon between the 16th and 12th centuries BCE, and you can clearly see the unmistakable sun disk with the wavy lines, distinguished from a star and the moon.
The Limestone Kudurru reign of Marduk-Nadin-Ahhe. The stone consists of a block of black limestone, which has been shaped and rubbed down to take sculptures and inscriptions. The rounded top of the stone sculptured on all four sides and on top with emblems; Face A: (1) Lunar disk, (2) Solar disk, (3) Eight-pointed star dSin (moon) from dShamesh (sun) from Mul (star). These celestial emblems are found on many Mesopotamian stones and tablets, therefore the VA-243 image of six points can't be a depiction of a sun disk as we see above and below.
In regards to the sun and stars, the Sumerians used the term "MUL" (Mu+UL = ornament of the sky) for both. In the MUL.APIN, we can find many lines where an object is referred to as a MUL, sometimes indicating a planet, sometimes a star. But you won't find the sun depicted in the form of a six-pointed star as the VA 243 Akkadian cylinder seal shows. As the Akkadian cuneiform system is mainly syllabic, it allows the same word to be written in several ways. E.g. "star" kakkabu could be written with a sumerogram MUL, but it could also be written differently by syllables: kak-ka-bu, ka-ak-ka-bu, ka-ka-bu, and mu-ul.
With regards to the sun and stars, the Sumerians used the term MUL (Mu+UL = ornament of the sky) for both. In the MUL.APIN tablets, the first astronomical compendium, we can find many lines where an object is referred to as a MUL, sometimes indicating a planet, sometimes a star, but you won't find the sun visually depicted as a star.
EXAMPLE:
"mul sa sa ina Zi.U LU e.Gir dingir mesh.gi ti ug.na.miru.nim.maAm.e Bar.ma Gub.iz mul bi dNeberu dAmar.ud"
"the red star laying south after the night [gods] are done, dividing the sky, this is Marduk"
(this is describing a star)
EXAMPLE:
"dish mul-udu. Idim.Gu ud An.e Bar.ma Gub.ma dNeberu shum.shu"
"if Mercury crosses the sky and stops, it is Neberu"
(describing the planet Mercury)
The cylinder seal VA 243 is simply a star and NOT the sun. The sun has specific patterns, as does a star. The symbol represented within Sumerian and Akkadian depictions of the sun, is clear when compared to stars. Stars are known to have 6-7-8 or 9 points, but NEVER with a wavy pattern as the sun is usually depicted.
(courtesy of Michael Heiser Sitchiniswrong.com)
Most Assyriologist will agree that the dots in VA 243 represent star constellations or clusters. The most frequent constellation in Mesopotamian artistic astronomy is that of the Pleiades. It's safe to conclude from the evidence left by the Mesopotamians, that dots can depict stars as well as constellations as we see below.
The Babylonian Kudurru (Boundary) Relief
The image above has a crescent moon, a sun next to a star with 7 points and smaller stars having 6 points, with other stars lacking points, and according to Assyriologists, it's the usual representation of the Pleiades, depicted as having seven dots or seven stars, this is not to suggest that the circular objects in VA 243 are depictions of the Pleiades, they are not, nor planets. In fact the Sumerians and Akkadians didn't usually depict planets as orbs or round objects, neither did they with Earth. The Babylonians, on the other hand, according to one tablet showing a so-called "Map of the World", regarded the earth as a flat disc, with the salt sea surrounding it.
If one wanted to refer to them as Flat Earthers, yes, that would be accurate. The name Map of the World is a misnomer for two central reasons. One is, there's no title on the tablet (it may have eroded away over time) and the other reason is, the Sumerians, Akkadians and Babylonians were flat Earth believers. In looking over the terms for the various "countries alone, "Armenia" is not one of them as various articles online will mention. Each name are general English and/or Hebrew renditions, however when looking over the text, you can see the Akkadian terms which explains in dept the view of the land as opposed to the planet as a whole, unless one wants to say the Mesopotamian world view.
The Pleiades are among the most important of stars. They're known in Sumerian as 'The Stars' (Mul.Mul), while their Akkadian name, 'The Bristle' (zappu), links them to the imaginary and cultural milieu of the 'Bull of Heaven' constellation (Taurus), to which they belong. In fact, the Sumerian ideogram for "seven", if preceded by the determinative for a deity (d-IMIN-BI), can be used as an alternative name for the Pleiades...The Pleiades are among the few celestial bodies that received specific prayers dedicated to them.
(Lorenzo Verderame)
If the Pleiades [enter the moon]: the land will perish all together; a month will pass, the enemy [...] Elam.
If the Pleiades enter the moon [and] come out towards the north: Akkad will become happy; the king of Akkad will become strong and will have no rival.
-The north winds blows.
Since the moon entered the Pleiades, the north wind is blowing. The morning watch (means) Elam; this is bad for the enemy.
If the Pleiades are elongated: the field will produce a yield.
-At the conjunction of the moon [(the Pleiades) go in front].
May the lord of kings be eve[rlasting]!
From Asare[du] the y[ounger].
Neo-Assyrian Astrological Report (SAA VIII.351)
In 2020, we're aware of the fact that STARS are SUNS, but this understanding was NOT known to the ancient Sumerians and Akkadians, which is why they depicted suns and stars separately with separate levels of luminosity. The cluster of dots and the star in VA 243 is viewed from a Mesopotamian perspective, and not 2020 astronomy. The first person known to come up with the idea that stars are really suns, just seen from different distances, was Anaxagoras, in circa 450 B.C., later, Aristarchus, around 220 B.C. In 1600 A.D., Giordano Bruno was burnt at the stake for heresy, for asserting that the sun was a star, among other things. It wasn't until the mid-1800's after the work of Galileo, Kepler, Huygens, Newton and Friedrich Bessel, that it could be proven by calculating the distance with other stars, and it was found that stars were as bright as the sun when you account for the difference in distance as well as chemical compositions and surface temperature. This was unknown to the Mesopotamians.
My Conclusion:
The issues with Nibiru can go on and on, far more than what's presented here. I have exhausted and tried to address every aspect of Nibiru, however, to prevent a case of overkill, I'll end it here, but certainly there is much more that can be added. If you extract anything from this article, realize that the misinformation regarding Nibiru was deliberate and calculating. It continues with all sorts of odd conspiracy theories, from a death star, Planet X, to even attaching Nibiru to the Big Bang.
"...In your beginning, this 'Big Bang' was twenty four billion years ago when Nibiru, a craft under the control of the Neteru Anunnagi collided into the planet Tamtu or Tanen called Tiamat and Qi, and caused a 'Big Bang'."
-Malachi York: The Black Book pg. 112
This is all inclusive of the deceptions within an English phonetic misspelling. Making a slight letter alteration, thus creating a totally new definition and belief. Using the English letter I, if that (I) is added to the toponym N I B _ R U (ki), it then changes from NIBRU, to N I B I R U, and given the label, a mother ship, some sort of extraterrestrial vehicle, the size of a planet. That simple alteration in English was how it was done, bringing about a tidalwave of online pseudo-ism having nothing whatsoever to do with either Nibruki or Nibiru.
Sources and Contributions to this article
A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard
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Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (Epsd)
Enki and Ninmah tablet lines 12-2
The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion Thorkild Jacobsen
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The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic by Stephen A. Kaufman
A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian by Jeremy Black
An Arabic-English Lexicon
Akkadian Loanwords in Biblical Hebrew
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Hunger, H. 1992. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings
John A. Halloran Sumerian Lexicon
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R. Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeicheniexikon, Munster (2003)
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http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online
The Earliest History of the Constellations in Near East and the Motif of the Combat, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 24, pages 1-16
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Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 48, pages 83-101 Koch, J., 2009 Hatten die Pleiades (MUL.MUL.)
Pleiades Perceived MUL.MUL to Sabaru
Journal of American Oriental Society 108, pages 1-25
Lorenzo Verderame - Pleiades in Ancient Mesopotamia (08/13/12), Abstract SEAC conference Rome 2015
Pearls of the Past: Studies on Near Eastern Art and Archaeology in Honor of Frances Pinnock
